數控機床維修機床由(you)程(cheng)序(xu)編制(zhi)及程(cheng)序(xu)載體、輸入裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、數控裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置（CNC）、伺服驅(qu)動及位(wei)置檢測、輔(fu)助控制(zhi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、機床本體等(deng)幾部分(fen)組(zu)成。 

一、程序編制及程序載體(ti) 

數(shu)控程(cheng)序(xu)是數(shu)控機(ji)(ji)床自動(dong)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)零(ling)(ling)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)指(zhi)令(ling)。在(zai)對加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)零(ling)(ling)件(jian)(jian)進行工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝分析的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)(shang)，確(que)定零(ling)(ling)件(jian)(jian)坐(zuo)標系在(zai)機(ji)(ji)床坐(zuo)標系上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)相對位置，即零(ling)(ling)件(jian)(jian)在(zai)機(ji)(ji)床上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)安裝位置；刀具與零(ling)(ling)件(jian)(jian)相對運動(dong)的(de)(de)尺(chi)寸參數(shu)；零(ling)(ling)件(jian)(jian)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝路線(xian)、切削加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝參數(shu)以及輔助(zhu)裝置的(de)(de)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)等。零(ling)(ling)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)所(suo)有運動(dong)、尺(chi)寸、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝參數(shu)等加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)信息后(hou)，用(yong)(yong)由文字、數(shu)字和(he)符號組成的(de)(de)標準數(shu)控代碼，按規(gui)定的(de)(de)方法和(he)格式，編制(zhi)零(ling)(ling)件(jian)(jian)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)數(shu)控程(cheng)序(xu)單(dan)。編制(zhi)程(cheng)序(xu)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)可由人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進行；對于形狀復(fu)雜的(de)(de)零(ling)(ling)件(jian)(jian)，則(ze)要在(zai)專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)編程(cheng)機(ji)(ji)或通(tong)用(yong)(yong)計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)上(shang)(shang)進行自動(dong)編程(cheng)（APT）或CAD/CAM設計(ji)。 

編好(hao)的(de)數(shu)控程序，存(cun)放在(zai)便于輸入到(dao)數(shu)控裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)一種存(cun)儲載體上(shang)，它可以是穿孔紙(zhi)帶(dai)、磁(ci)帶(dai)和磁(ci)盤等，采用哪一種存(cun)儲載體，取決于數(shu)控裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)設(she)計(ji)類型。 

二、輸入裝置 

輸入裝置的作用是將程序(xu)(xu)載體(ti)（信息載體(ti)）上的數(shu)(shu)控(kong)代碼傳遞并(bing)存入數(shu)(shu)控(kong)系統內。根據控(kong)制(zhi)存儲(chu)介質的不(bu)同，輸入裝置可以是光電(dian)閱讀機、磁帶機或軟(ruan)盤驅(qu)動器等。數(shu)(shu)控(kong)機床加(jia)工程序(xu)(xu)也可通過鍵(jian)盤用手工方式(shi)直接輸入數(shu)(shu)控(kong)系統；數(shu)(shu)控(kong)加(jia)工程序(xu)(xu)還可由編程計算機用RS232C或采用網絡通信方式(shi)傳送(song)到數(shu)(shu)控(kong)系統中。 

零(ling)件(jian)加工(gong)程序(xu)輸入(ru)過(guo)程有(you)兩種(zhong)不(bu)同的方式：一種(zhong)是(shi)邊讀(du)入(ru)邊加工(gong)（數(shu)控系(xi)統內存較小時(shi)），另一種(zhong)是(shi)一次將零(ling)件(jian)加工(gong)程序(xu)全部(bu)讀(du)入(ru)數(shu)控裝置內部(bu)的存儲器(qi)(qi)，加工(gong)時(shi)再從內部(bu)存儲器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)逐(zhu)(zhu)段逐(zhu)(zhu)段調出進行加工(gong)。 

三、數(shu)控裝置 

數(shu)(shu)控裝置(zhi)是數(shu)(shu)控機(ji)床的(de)(de)核心。數(shu)(shu)控裝置(zhi)從(cong)內部存儲器中(zhong)取出或(huo)接受輸入裝置(zhi)送來(lai)的(de)(de)一段或(huo)幾段數(shu)(shu)控加工程序，經過數(shu)(shu)控裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)邏(luo)輯電路或(huo)系統軟(ruan)件(jian)進行編譯、運算和(he)(he)邏(luo)輯處理(li)后，輸出各(ge)(ge)種控制信(xin)息(xi)和(he)(he)指令(ling)，控制機(ji)床各(ge)(ge)部分的(de)(de)工作，使其進行規定的(de)(de)有(you)序運動和(he)(he)動作。 

零件(jian)(jian)的(de)輪廓(kuo)圖(tu)形往往由直(zhi)線、圓(yuan)弧或其(qi)他(ta)非圓(yuan)弧曲線組成，刀(dao)具(ju)在加(jia)工過程(cheng)中****按(an)零件(jian)(jian)形狀和(he)(he)尺(chi)寸的(de)要(yao)(yao)求進行運(yun)動(dong)，即按(an)圖(tu)形軌(gui)(gui)跡移(yi)動(dong)。但輸(shu)入的(de)零件(jian)(jian)加(jia)工程(cheng)序(xu)只能是(shi)各(ge)(ge)線段軌(gui)(gui)跡的(de)起(qi)點和(he)(he)終點坐標值等數據，不(bu)能滿足要(yao)(yao)求，因(yin)此要(yao)(yao)進行軌(gui)(gui)跡插補，也就(jiu)是(shi)在線段的(de)起(qi)點和(he)(he)終點坐標值之間進行“數據點的(de)密化”，求出(chu)一系列中間點的(de)坐標值，并向(xiang)相應(ying)坐標輸(shu)出(chu)脈沖信號，控制各(ge)(ge)坐標軸（即進給運(yun)動(dong)的(de)各(ge)(ge)執行元件(jian)(jian)）的(de)進給速度(du)、進給方向(xiang)和(he)(he)進給位移(yi)量等。 

四、驅動裝置和位置檢測(ce)裝置 

驅(qu)動(dong)裝置(zhi)接受來自數控(kong)(kong)裝置(zhi)的指令信息(xi)，經功率放大(da)(da)后(hou)，嚴(yan)格(ge)按照指令信息(xi)的要求驅(qu)動(dong)機(ji)床移動(dong)部件(jian)，以加工出(chu)符合圖(tu)樣要求的零(ling)件(jian)。因此，它的伺服精度和(he)動(dong)態響(xiang)應(ying)性(xing)能是影(ying)響(xiang)數控(kong)(kong)機(ji)床加工精度、表面質量和(he)率的重要因素之一。驅(qu)動(dong)裝置(zhi)包括控(kong)(kong)制器(qi)（含功率放大(da)(da)器(qi)）和(he)執(zhi)行機(ji)構兩(liang)大(da)(da)部分。目前大(da)(da)都采用直流(liu)或交流(liu)伺服電動(dong)機(ji)作為執(zhi)行機(ji)構。 

位置檢測裝(zhuang)置將(jiang)數(shu)控機(ji)床各坐(zuo)標軸的實際位移量檢測出(chu)來，經反饋系統輸入到(dao)機(ji)床的數(shu)控裝(zhuang)置之后，數(shu)控裝(zhuang)置將(jiang)反饋回(hui)來的實際位移量值(zhi)(zhi)與設定值(zhi)(zhi)進行比較，控制驅動裝(zhuang)置按照指令設定值(zhi)(zhi)運動。 

五、輔助控制裝置(zhi) 

輔(fu)助控(kong)制裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)主要作(zuo)用是(shi)接收數控(kong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輸(shu)出的(de)(de)開(kai)關(guan)量指令(ling)信號，經過編譯、邏(luo)輯判別和運動(dong)(dong)，再經功率(lv)放大后驅動(dong)(dong)相應的(de)(de)電器，帶動(dong)(dong)機(ji)床的(de)(de)機(ji)械、液壓(ya)、氣(qi)動(dong)(dong)等輔(fu)助裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)完成指令(ling)規(gui)定的(de)(de)開(kai)關(guan)量動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)。這些控(kong)制包括主軸運動(dong)(dong)部(bu)件的(de)(de)變速、換向和啟(qi)停指令(ling)，刀(dao)具的(de)(de)選擇和交換指令(ling)，冷卻、潤滑裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)停止，工件和機(ji)床部(bu)件的(de)(de)松開(kai)、夾緊，分度(du)工作(zuo)臺轉位分度(du)等開(kai)關(guan)輔(fu)助動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)。 

由于(yu)可(ke)編(bian)程邏輯控制器(qi)（PLC）具有響應(ying)快，性能可(ke)靠，易(yi)于(yu)使用、編(bian)程和(he)修改(gai)程序(xu)并可(ke)直接(jie)啟動機床(chuang)開關等(deng)特(te)點(dian)，現已廣泛用作數控機床(chuang)的輔助控制裝置。 

六、機床本體(ti) 

數控(kong)(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)機(ji)床(chuang)本體(ti)與(yu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)機(ji)床(chuang)相似，由主軸傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、進給傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、床(chuang)身、工(gong)作(zuo)臺以及輔(fu)助運動(dong)(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、液壓(ya)氣動(dong)(dong)系統(tong)(tong)、潤滑系統(tong)(tong)、冷(leng)卻裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置等(deng)組成。但數控(kong)(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)在整(zheng)體(ti)布局、外觀(guan)造型、傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)動(dong)(dong)系統(tong)(tong)、刀具系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)以及操作(zuo)機(ji)構(gou)等(deng)方面(mian)都(dou)已發生(sheng)了很(hen)大的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)。這種變(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)是為了滿足數控(kong)(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)要求(qiu)和充分發揮數控(kong)(kong)機(ji)床(chuang)的(de)(de)特(te)點。